高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)：動(dòng)詞ing形式

ing形式包括現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞。在2003年人教版高中英語(yǔ)課本中，用-ing形式這個(gè)名稱取代了原來(lái)的現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞。不過(guò)，在某些語(yǔ)法書上，仍有使用現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞的現(xiàn)象。

一、-ing形式可以作時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨方式、結(jié)果、讓步、程度等狀語(yǔ)，如：

Having brought her father back to England, Lucy helped him to get better. (時(shí)間)

While sleeping, he suddenly heard a noise from the roof.睡覺時(shí)，他突然聽到從屋頂上傳來(lái)一聲音。

Being ill, he has to stay at home.因?yàn)椴×?，他只能呆家里?表原因)

The boy ran in, carrying a ball in his arm. 那個(gè)小男孩跑了進(jìn)來(lái)，手里拿著球。(伴隨方式)

He dropped the plate, breaking it into pieces.他弄掉了盤子，摔成了碎片。(結(jié)果)

注意：不定式也可做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，但它表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。例如：

She hurried to the station, to find the train had left.她急忙趕到車站，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開了。

【典型考題】

We walked as fast as we could, ______ to catch the 9:00 train.

A.hoping B.to hope C.we hope D.being hoped

【分析】答案是A，-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作是句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的伴隨動(dòng)作，在本題表示目的。

二、-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須是句子的主語(yǔ)。如果-ing形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)不一致，可將-ing形式的主語(yǔ)寫在-ing形式前，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。該主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞時(shí)用主格，是名詞時(shí)名詞用普通格，如：

Mother/She being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.媽媽(她)病了，他必須待在家里照顧媽媽。

It being fine, we want to go out.天氣很好，我們想出去。

【典型考題】

___________those dishes, somebody knocked at the door.

A. Putting away B. Put away C. To put away D. When she put away

【分析】put away的邏輯主語(yǔ)并不是句子主語(yǔ)somebody，因此不能選A。正確答案是D。

三、句子的主語(yǔ)與-ing形式邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。如果主謂關(guān)系是主動(dòng)的，用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);-ing動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生用一般式doing, 如果-ing動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，用完成式having done, 如：

Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.(相當(dāng)于When I was walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.)

Having finished their work, they had a rest.(相當(dāng)于After they had finished their work, they had a rest.)

如果主謂關(guān)系是被動(dòng)的，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);-ing動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，用being done;如果-ing動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，已完成的動(dòng)作，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的完成式having been done, 如：

Having been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.(相當(dāng)于After our classroom had been cleaned and decorated, our classroom took on a new look.)

注意：

1、作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，having been+過(guò)去分詞與過(guò)去分詞(其意義相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))可以通用。例如：

Having been discussed many times， the problem was settled at last.(=Discussed many times，the problem was settled at last.)經(jīng)過(guò)多次討論，這個(gè)問(wèn)題最后終于得到解決。

2.作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)， being +過(guò)去分詞與過(guò)去分詞可以通用。例如：

Being done in a hurry，his paper was full of mistakes.(=Done in a hurry，his paper was full of mistakes.)由于是匆忙完成的，他的試卷滿是錯(cuò)誤。

【典型考題】

___________ further instructions from the editor，the reporter didn't know what to do.

A.Not having received B.Receiving not

C.Not receiving D.Having not received

【分析】前一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在先，可排除B和D，-ing形式的否定式是在-ing形式前直接加not，答案為A。

四、-ing形式一般式與完成式作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別

-ing形式一般式表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生;-ing形式完成式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前。如：

1. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free，tax-supported schools must be established in every town ___________50 households or more.

A.having B.to have had C.to have D.having had

根據(jù)句意，早在1647年，俄亥俄州就作出決定：必須在每一個(gè)擁有50戶以上的鎮(zhèn)上建立一所免稅的由稅務(wù)承擔(dān)的學(xué)校?？杖碧幩杼畹脑~表“具有”，故選A。

2. ___________ such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river.

A.Having suffered B.Suffering C.To suffer D.Suffered

根據(jù)already以及先后關(guān)系選A表原因，分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前。

五、分詞的否定式是在分詞前加not。

注意-ing形式一般式的否定式一般只表原因、結(jié)果等，與主句動(dòng)詞沒有先后關(guān)系，而-ing形式完成式的否定式顯然與主句動(dòng)詞有先后關(guān)系。如：

1. ___________ how to find the way, he decided to call a taxi.

A.Not knowing B.Knowing not C.Not having known D.Having not known

1.根據(jù)-ing形式否定式構(gòu)成方法可先排除B和D，然后根據(jù)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生進(jìn)一步排除C，所以本題答案為A